“We all live in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.”

——Oscar Wilde(44)

Phuong是这本书中非常有特色的人物。 Phuong爱，真实，乐观和纯洁。 Phuong和Kien对她的记忆在Kien人生的各个阶段都多次出现在书中。 Phuong是这本书的主题。她是反映肯恩心理变化的角色。对于Kien来说，Phuong是他的希望。在不同的阶段，Phuong和Kien对Phuong的记忆一直是Kien生命的重要组成部分。 Phuong是Kien在青年时期的幸福，他在战争期间的精神支持以及支持Kien在战后继续生活的原因。即使肯恩最终输掉了Phuong，他们的记忆仍然成为他一生的光辉，并为他提供了继续前进的希望。本文根据战前，战中和战后三个不同时期，探讨了潘起反映肯恩心理变化的角色，以及潘起的性格是如何发展主题的。

Phuong is a very distinctive character in the book. Phuong is loving, real, optimistic, and pure. Phuong and Kien’s memory with her appear several times in the book at various stages of Kien’s life. Phuong is the thread of the book. She is the character that reflects Kien’s psychological change. To Kien, Phuong is his hope. In the different stages, Phuong and Kien’s memory with Phuong have been a significant part of Kien’s life. Phuong is Kien’s happiness in youth, his mental support during the war, and the reason that supports Kien to carry on living after the war. Even though Kien lose Phuong in the end, their memories become the shining light of his life and provide him with hope to carry on. This paper discusses the role of Phuong that reflects Kien’s psychological change based on three different times – before the war, during the war, and after the war –and how the theme is developed by the character of Phuong.

在坚恩参战之前，坚恩对未来充满希望。 Phuong代表着纯洁而为Kien的青年带来欢乐。她是他追求美好未来的动力。当他们一起坐在湖边时，坚恩不由自主地亲吻了Phuong。然后，坚恩感到非常内strong（Ninh 133）。坚恩之所以停下来，是因为他想保护普翁，普翁是他世界上最美丽，最纯洁的女人。在与湖边的Phuong交谈期间，Kein表达了他对未来的希望。他希望战争的结束将给国家和战后的生活带来和平与欢乐。与肯恩的积极性相比，普安说“战争，废墟，破坏”将要发生（Ninh 134）。坚恩回答：“也许吧。但是我们会重建。”谈话反映了肯恩对未来的积极印象，这与他战后的想法形成了鲜明的对比。

Before Kien went to the war, Kien was hopeful about the future. Phuong represented pure and brought joy to Kien’s youth. She was the motivation for him to chase a bright future. When they were sitting together by the lake, Kien could not help himself and kissed Phuong. Then Kien felt struck by a strong sense of guilt (Ninh 133). Kien stopped because he wanted to protect Phuong, who is the most beautiful and pure woman in the world to him. During the conversation with Phuong by the lake, Kein expressed his hope about the future. He was hoping that the end of the war will bring peace and joy to the country and his life after the war. Compare to Kien’s positivity, Phuong said that “war, ruin, destruction” was what was going to happen (Ninh 134). Kien replied, “Maybe. But we’ll rebuild.” The conversation reflects Kien’s positive images about the future, which contrasts his thought after the war later.

战争给坚恩带来了毁灭性的时刻。坚恩与Phuong的回忆支持他继续前进。 Phuong的记忆之美与战争的痛苦形成了鲜明的对比。但是肯恩对未来仍然充满希望。他时不时梦到Phuong和湖泊（宁13）。当他梦想着“疯狂，扭曲的事物，扭曲的孤独和悲伤”时，对Phuong的记忆就是他的安慰并支持他继续前进（Ninh 70）。她是在最黑暗的时刻支持他的原因。当坚恩回到河内时，坚恩认为现在是美好的时光和快乐的日子（Ninh 81）。战争结束了，他以为自己终于要再次与他的爱人Phuong相遇，这是他成千上万的梦想。书中关于肯恩在火车上和与潘相遇的描述充满了喜悦和希望。

The war brought several devastating moments to Kien. Kien’s memories with Phuong supported him to carry on. The beauty of the memory with Phuong contrasted the pain in the war. But Kien was still hopeful about the future. He dreamed about Phuong and the lake now and then (Ninh 13). When he dreamed of “crazy, twisted things, distorted apparitions of loneliness and sorrow”, the memory with Phuong is his comfort and support him to carry on (Ninh 70). She was the reason that supports him in the darkest moments. When Kien returned to Hanoi, Kien thought that now came the good times and happy days (Ninh 81). The war was over, and he thought he finally got to meet his lover Phuong again, which he has been dreamed thousands of times. The description in the book about Kien on the train and meeting Phuong is fulling of joy and hope.

然而，战后的生活令人痛苦。生活并没有像他曾经梦到的那样。 Phuong和Kien与以前不再一样。当Phuong离开Kien时，Kien感到“虚假的春天消失了，真正的冬天又回来了”（Ninh 69）。肯恩对未来的希望已被现实所破坏，战争给他的生活带来了无尽的痛苦和悲伤。坚健对美好未来的希望破灭了。没有他所期望的时代。现实给了他相反的感觉（宁47）。唯一剩下的就是痛苦，悲伤和毁灭，这与他一开始对Phuong的答复形成鲜明对比，即“我们将重建”（Ninh 134）。

However, life after the war was painful. Life did not turn out like he once dreamed. Phuong and Kien were not the same as before anymore. When Phuong left Kien, Kien felt that “false spring faded and real winter returned” (Ninh 69). The hope Kien had for the future before is ruined by the reality and the war brought endless pain and sorrow to his life. Kien’s hope about the bright future was broken. There was no era as he expected. The reality gave him the opposite (Ninh 47). The only thing left was pain, sorrow and devastation, which is a large contrast to his reply to Phuong in the beginning – “We’ll rebuild” (Ninh 134).

肯恩与潘之间的对话和记忆贯穿整本书。 Phuong的性格帮助反映了Kien的心理变化-战争如何改变了他悲痛的希望。更改并没有突然发生。例如，在肯恩（Kien）参战之前，潘在火车上被强奸。这意味着战争将给他们的生活带来不可逆转的痛苦。火车上发生的一切摧毁了Phuong和Kien –她的“奇怪的陌生而空荡的表情”使Kien崩溃了（Ninh 203）。 Phuong与Kien的conversion依令人发指。她说：“这不是伤口！不能包扎！”（Ninh 204）。它不仅谈论Phuong，而且谈论Kien。他在战争中幸存下来。他还活着回家，身上没有伤口了。但是，创伤和悲伤永远无法“包扎”。这本书描述了Phuong和Kien之间的许多对比。在湖边改建过程中，Phuong不相信战后会有美好的生活，这与坚恩对未来的积极希望形成了鲜明对比。同时，Phuong问Kien为什么他必须参加战争，而她试图说服他不要参加。尽管如此，肯恩还是非常坚定的。这反映了他在对爱人的爱和对国家的爱之间的选择。
          The conversation and memory between Kien and Phuong have been throughout the book. The character of Phuong helped reflected the Kien psychological changes – how the war changed his hope to sorrow. The changes did not happen suddenly. For instance, before Kien went to the war, Phuong was raped on the train. It implied that war would bring irreversible pain to their life. What happened on the train destroyed Phuong and Kien – her "curiously unfamiliar and vacant look" made Kien collapsed (Ninh 203). Phuong's conversion with Kien is very provoking. She said, "It's not a wound! It can't be bandaged! "(Ninh 204). It not only speaks about Phuong, but it also talks about Kien. He survived the war. He went home alive, and there is no wound on his body anymore. However, the trauma and sorrow could never be "bandaged". The book describes a lot of contrast between Phuong and Kien. During the conversion by the lake, Phuong did not believe there would be a beautiful life after the war, which contrasts Kien positive hope about the future. Meanwhile, Phuong asked Kien why he had to go to the war, and she tried to persuade him not to go. Nevertheless, Kien was very determined. It reflected his choice between the love for lovers and the love for the country.

战争毁了许多事情。但是这本书寄予了希望。奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde，44岁）曾说：“我们所有人都生活在水沟中，但我们中的一些人正在看着星星。”美好的回忆给肯恩带来了希望和力量，为他的未来生活生存。 Phuong曾经是他的明星，战争期间黑暗的日子里却闪耀着光芒。他的明星们被认为是光明的未来，鼓励他尽一切努力。战争可能使这些星星褪色了。正如Ninh在接受《纽约时报》采访时所说，即使在今天，他仍然可以感受到一生中的战争痛苦。悲伤永远不会消失。但是美丽的记忆已成为他一生中的新星。正如Ninh（227）所写，即使他们没有一起走向光辉灿烂的未来，爱仍然会存在。他的心中仍然有爱与希望，随着时间的流逝，这将支持他。

The war ruined many things. But the book ends in hope. Oscar Wilde (44) once said that “We all live in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.” The beautiful memories gives Kien hope and strength to survive for his future life. Phuong was his stars in the past, shining lights in his dark day during the war. A believed bright future was his stars, encouraging him to fight with all his efforts. The war may have made these stars faded. As Ninh said in his interview with the New York Times that he could still feel the pain of war in his life even today. The sorrow may never be gone. But the beautiful memory has become new stars in his life. As Ninh (227) wrote that the love would still be there even though they were not moving to a glowing future together. There is still love and hope in his heart, which will support him as time heals. 

Works Cited

Ninh, Bao. “The First Time I Met Americans.” The New York Times, 5 Sepember 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/opinion/vietnam-war-writers.html. Accessed 18 March 2020.

Ninh, Bao. The Sorrow of war: a novel by North Vietnam. Translated by Phan Thanh Hao, edited by Frank Palmos, Martin Secker & Warburg Limited, 1993.

Wilde, Oscar. The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays. Oxford University Press, 1995.

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